He rebelled against God by fleeing and then slept while the terrified sailors prayed. The story of Jonah and the Whale, one of the oddest accounts in the Bible, opens with God speaking to Jonah, son of Amittai, commanding him to preach repentance to the city of Nineveh. 8-9. As in chapter 1, Jonah’s contrasting himself with pagans is the climactic theme of his prayer in chapter 2. Jonah was happy with the vine, but the next day God provided a worm that ate the vine, making it wither. This displeased Jonah greatly, and he was grieved. Gen. Rabbah 42:13: R. Judah said: [ha-Ivri signifies that] the whole world was on one side (ever) while [Abraham] was on the other side (ever). The Talmud ascribes the composition of the Twelve Prophets to the Men of the Great Assembly (Bava Batra 15a). Jonah is used chiefly in the English, French, Scandinavian, and Spanish languages, and its origin is Hebrew. Jonah, a stubborn fellow, did just the opposite of what he was told. You can also review our Article Title or Author index. Hebrew Meaning: The name Jonah is a Hebrew baby name. It tells of a Hebrew prophet named Jonah son of Amittai who is sent by God to prophesy the destruction of Nineveh but tries to escape the divine mission. Additionally, there is no mention of Israel or its king in the story. Pronounce Jonah [ 2 syll. The closer he came to God, the more he simultaneously gained recognition of how little he truly knew of God’s ways. 4:2), Jonah substituted “renouncing punishment (, God added a surprising variable when explaining His sparing of the Ninevites. For this reason, it is important for them to learn about the techniques used to convey political messages and attitudes. He had a vital role to play in allowing God’s mercy to be manifest. There is a paradoxical recognition that the closer one comes to God, the more one becomes conscious of the chasm separating God’s wisdom from our own. In contrast, Malbim believes that Jonah rebelled even as he walked through the wicked city. March 14, 1938. These scholars understand Jonah’s protest as a rejection of the very idea of repentance. [3] Pirkei D’Rabbi Eliezer 9, cited by R. Saadyah (Emunot ve-De’ot 3:5), Rashi, Kara, Radak, and R. Isaiah of Trani. The captain even uses the same words in 1:6 (, To explain the bifurcation of Jonah’s statement, Abarbanel advances a midrashic-style comment: “The intent [of the word. (J.T. [13] Ibn Ezra counters that Jonah specifically stayed near Nineveh so that he would be ready to go with a second command. /n'Old Reliable!' However, you also were willing to die rather than face heat. The point of the story is that God can provide a supernatural means of rescue when his people are in trouble. out of the fish's belly--Every place may serve as an oratory.No place is amiss for prayer. How, then, can you expect to understand God’s attributes? Cf. Although it had seemed from chapter 3 that the Ninevites had saved themselves with their repentance, God suddenly offered a different reason[15]: Then the Lord said: “You cared about the plant, which you did not work for and which you did not grow, which appeared overnight and perished overnight. Isn’t this just what I said when I was still in my own country? The result of the investigation was Morgan's ouster, the politics of which played out in political cartoons across the country in 1938. A God compassionate and gracious, slow to anger, abounding in kindness and faithfulness . that Jonah’s prophecy in 2 Ki. Your human limitations are now fully exposed. Remember that God wants you to be open and honest with him. Please, Lord, take my life, for I would rather die than live.” The Lord replied, “Are you that deeply grieved?” (4:1-4), And when the sun rose, God provided a sultry east wind; the sun beat down on Jonah’s head, and he became faint. [2] Another proposes that Jonah was convinced that the Ninevites would repent and God would pardon them. Jonah’s name appears eighteen times in the book, but nobody else—not even the king of Nineveh – is named. Nineveh’s repentance might amaze the reader, but it did not impress Jonah. This time Jonah obeyed God. Although this approach is more comprehensive than the earlier interpretations, it remains incomplete. "JONAH," 19381 . After waiting three days inside the fish, Jonah finally prayed to God. J onah as a boys' name is pronounced JOE-nah.It is of Hebrew origin, and the meaning of Jonah is "dove". God commanded the whale, and it vomited the reluctant prophet onto dry land. Watch Queue Queue The captain even uses the same words in 1:6 (kum kera) that God had in commanding Jonah to go to Nineveh in 1:2 (kum lekh…u-kera). To support their reading, they cite a passage from the Jerusalem Talmud: It was asked of wisdom: what is the punishment for a sinner? 1:15, 16, 19; 2:7, 11, 13; 3:18; 5:3; 7:16; 9:1, 13; 10:3. See more. But I, in contrast, am not like this; I, with loud thanksgiving, will sacrifice to You. Again Jonah questioned God because Jonah was angry that Israel's enemies had been spared. Jonah still was the. This video is unavailable. The Bible tells us Jonah "ran away from the Lord.". The decisions students make about social and political issues are often influenced by what they hear, see, and read in the news. God taught Jonah that he did not need to wish for death. The king of Nineveh even said what one might have expected Jonah to say: “Let everyone turn back from his evil ways and from the injustice of which he is guilty. CHAPTER 2. See more ideas about bible cartoon, jonah bible, jonah. After waiting three days inside the fish, Jonah finally prayed to God. This political cartoon was published in a black Chicago newspaper, the Chicago Defender, on January 27, 1934, during the first term of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency. [12] Cf. The story ends with God expressing concern even about the wicked. Sanhedrin 11:5, Pesahim 87b, cited by Rashi, Kara, Ibn Ezra, and Radak. 1 (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Mossad HaRav Kook, 1973), introduction pp. .„By Hungerford . This is the forest, primeval--, April 24, 1929. [13] In his prayer, Jonah was more concerned with being saved and serving God in the Temple than he was in the reasons God was punishing him (2:5, 8). Tags: New York | Political Cartoons | Tennessee: FDR On Vacation. Jonah, Hosea, Amos, and Micah were eighth century prophets; Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, and Obadiah prophesied in the seventh-early sixth century; and Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi prophesied in the late sixth century. [4] See further discussion and critique of the aforementioned views in Uriel Simon, The JPS Bible Commentary: Jonah (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1999), introduction pp. Jonah, on the other hand, displays none of these lofty qualities. In his protest, Jonah appealed to God’s attributes of mercy, but with a significant deviation from the classical formula in the aftermath of the Golden Calf: The Lord! . Some (for example, Ibn Ezra, Abarbanel and Malbim) conclude that Jonah must have repented, since God ordered the fish to spew Jonah out, and Jonah subsequently went to Nineveh. Adopting a middle position, Sforno suggests that Jonah repented, but the prayer included in the book is a psalm of gratitude after Jonah already was saved. To paraphrase God’s response: You, Jonah, wanted to die for the highest of ideals. In his introduction, pp. What is the meaning of Jonah? [1] This chapter is adapted from Hayyim Angel, “‘I am a Hebrew!’: Jonah’s Conflict with God’s Mercy Toward Even the Most Worthy of Pagans,” Jewish Bible Quarterly 34:1 (2006), pp. Students first develop critical questions about political cartoons. 4:2). Nowhere is there evidence of Jonah’s being upset about his or Israel’s reputation. There is a further challenge in being absolutely committed to God, while still respecting moral people who espouse different beliefs. FRANKLIN'S EXPERIMENT. A God compassionate and gracious, slow to anger, abounding in kindness and faithfulness . The Lord! 7-12. One midrashic line suggests that unrepentant Israel would look bad by comparison were non-Israelites to repent. Jesus did not consider the book of Jonah to be a fable or myth. A great guy to talk to about anything that's on your mind. A biblical name, it is derived from the element 'yonah' meaning dove. Although it had seemed from chapter 3 that the Ninevites had saved themselves with their repentance, God suddenly offered a different reason. He may turn back from His wrath, so that we do not perish” (3:8-9). Study Jonah 3 - 'Pyhä Raamattu (1933/1938)' translation alongside Exploring the Meaning of Jonah 3 and Word 中文 čeština Nederlands français ქართული ენა Deutsch italiano 日本語 한국어 português Pyccĸий Srpski, Српски Español svenska Tagalog Not only was Nineveh known for its wickedness, but it was also the capital of the Assyrian empire, one of Israel's fiercest enemies. It was asked of prophecy: what is the punishment for a sinner? Perhaps Israel would be inspired to repent in light of Nineveh’s repentance. A very funny guy, always doing weird things. 13:21). This interpretation seems to lie close to the heart of the book. Biblical: because Jonah was on board a ship when God caused it to sink, sailors have traditionally used the name to personify someone who brings bad luck. Jonah thought he knew better than God. (Jersey City, NJ: Ktav-Sephardic Publication Foundation, 2009). . But prophecy also causes increased anguish, as the prophet apprehends the infinite gap between God and humanity more intensely than anyone else. How, then, can you expect to understand God’s attributes? For I know that You are a compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger, abounding in kindness, renouncing punishment. Rob Barrett (“Meaning More than They Say: The Conflict between Y-H-W-H and Jonah,”, Ibn Ezra counters that Jonah specifically stayed near Nineveh so that he would be ready to go with a second command. Although Jonah told the sailors what they wanted to know, that his flight from God had caused the storm, it is the narrator who relates those crucial words rather than placing them into Jonah’s direct speech. Sign up for Angel for Shabbat Newsletters, Institute Update, and much, much more, Learn more about the Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals and our valuable work. Ibn Ezra on 1:1). It's not important whether it was a great fish or a whale that swallowed Jonah. 7-9. SWEEPING CHANGES ARE EXPECTED AFTER MARCH . Bearing an agreement signed by Adolf Hitler, he addressed the assembled crowd to ensure them that he had secured “peace for our time.” Ever since this statement has stood as the ultimate expression of the naivety of the policy of appeasement: the … She replied, The person who sins, only he shall die (Ezek. Jonah’s stark silence at the end of the book reflects the gulf between God and himself. (Rashi on Jon. [10] See, e.g., Gen. 39:14, 17; 40:15; 41:12; 43:32; Exod. In chapter 1, Jonah was indeed Abarbanel’s Ivri—a prophetic hero of true faith contrasting himself with pagans, and an avaryan—a sinner against God. 15-17. That is why I fled beforehand to Tarshish . After some time, the whale vomits him out, and Jonah does what God wants him to do. Jonah did not care about the outstandingly ethical behavior of the sailors nor the impressively penitent Ninevites. Radak assumes that he did. Very lovable and sweet. Any girl that gets him is very lucky. Jonah states that God saved him because he turned to God, while he is fleeing God’s command. The Book of Jonah is a larger-than-life story of every individual who seeks closeness with God. The Lord! A revitalised Assyria after 745 would not seem to fit the crisis situation portrayed in the book. The Talmud ascribes the composition of the Twelve Prophets to the Men of the Great Assembly (Bava Batra 15a).Rashi explains that the books were bound together in one scroll because each was so short that some might get … Jonah definition is - an Israelite prophet who according to the account in the book of Jonah resisted a divine call to preach repentance to the people of Nineveh, was swallowed and vomited by a great fish, and eventually carried out his mission. He doesn’t do what God wants him to do, sailing away in a different direction. “Commentary on Jonah” (Hebrew), HaMa’ayan 51:1 (Tishri 5771-2010), pp. Jonah was unwilling to accept God’s mercy even to the most ethically perfected pagans because that manifestation of mercy was antithetical to Jonah’s desired conception of God. It was asked of God: what is the punishment for a sinner? 66-68. It was asked of God: what is the punishment for a sinner? Jonah spent the same amount of time—three days—inside the whale as. . [14] For further analysis of the interrelationship between Joel, Jonah, and Exodus 34, see Thomas B. Dozeman, “Inner Biblical Interpretation of Y-H-W-H’s Gracious and Compassionate Character,” JBL 108 (1989), pp. What follows are ten of his most distinctive cartoons of the era. Remarkably, the captain sounds like a prophet when addressing Jonah— “How can you be sleeping so soundly! Isn’t this just what I said when I was still in my own country? [8] Simon, JPS Bible Commentary: Jonah, introduction pp. Seeking another approach, the twentieth century scholars Yehoshua Bachrach,[5] Elyakim Ben-Menahem,[6] and Uriel Simon[7] cite Jonah’s protest from the end of the book: He prayed to the Lord, saying, “O Lord! The name Jonah is a boy's name of Hebrew origin meaning "dove". [6] Elyakim Ben-Menahem, Da’at Mikra: Jonah, in Twelve Prophets vol. The people on the boat throw Jonah into the sea to stop it. He remained an “Ivri” to the very end. Rashi explains that the books were bound together in one scroll because each was so short that some might get lost if not combined into a scroll of greater size. First, they tried rowing to shore, but the waves got even higher. (Jonah 2:9, NIV). I worship the true God in contrast to all pagans—illustrated by the sailors, and later by the Ninevites. 3-11; reprinted in Angel, Through an Opaque Lens (New York: Sephardic Publication Foundation, 2006), pp. Rabbi Marc D. Angel answers your questions on our YouTube channel! The Book of Jonah appears to have a self-contained message that transcends its historical context.[4]. There is a paradoxical recognition that the closer one comes to God, the more one becomes conscious of the chasm separating God’s wisdom from our own. WORD ORIGINS ; LANGUAGE QUESTIONS ; WORD LISTS; SPANISH DICTIONARY; More. However, there is no indication of repentance in Jonah’s prayer. He had influenced others for the better and had attained a deeper level of understanding of God and of his own place in this world. . Ibn Ezra on 1:1). It's always wise to obey the One who loves you most. In Hebrew the meaning of the name Jonah is: Dove. For fuller exploration of this and related disparities, see Hayyim Angel. Is there some area of your life in which you are defying God, and rationalizing it? You will never meet anyone else like him. Contribute now! - FFBW2C from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. While modern skeptics may find it impossible that a man could survive inside a great fish for three days, Jesus compared himself to Jonah, showing that this. Although the Ninevites had misguided beliefs, God had compassion on them without expecting that they become monotheists. “The Uncertainty Principle of Repentance in the Books of Jonah and Joel,” in Angel, Revealed Texts, Hidden Meanings: Finding the Religious Significance in Tanakh. Rather than obey God’s directive, Jonah elected to martyr himself on behalf of his people. This time Jonah obeyed God. In his first daily cartoon, Herb Block deplored the clear-cutting of America's virgin forests and foreshadowed the economic wasteland to come in the next decade. The title character- a sailor and a skinny, gormless, chinless wonder- was feared by all other mariners because he would (accidentally) sink every ship he sailed on (and often all other vessels in the neighbourhood to boot). Therefore, he prioritized a plant over tens of thousands of people simply so he could have some shade. BBC One broadcasts the Mickey Mouse cartoon Mickey's Gala Premier on television. To paraphrase the prayer in chapter 2, Jonah was saying “Ivri anokhi [I am a Hebrew]” (1:9)! 77-78; and see response of Uriel Simon to Henshke, “True Prayer and True Repentance,” (Hebrew), Megadim 31 (2000), pp. Critique of Technique. 2:9-10). Of the twelve, Joel is the most difficult to date, and we will discuss him in the fourth chapter on the Twelve Prophets. Jonah still was the Ivri he proclaimed himself to be in 1:9, sharply contrasting himself with the pagans he encountered, and thereby remaining distanced from the God he knew would have compassion on them. The book is primarily concerned with the prophet Jonah, whom the book is named for. [9] Finally, most prophets appear to have accepted the ideas of repentance and God’s mercy. In specific the book gives an account of Jonah's refusal of God's command for Jonah to travel to the the capital of Assyria, Nin,eveh and prophesy its destruction to the people. Reproduction of original drawing. His middle name is after his father. Let There Be Light. Enlarge. Also, the meaning … It is difficult to find a comprehensive theory to explain the purpose of the book, or why Jonah fled from his mission. Download 66 Jonah Cartoon Stock Illustrations, Vectors & Clipart for FREE or amazingly low rates! As in chapter 1, Jonah’s contrasting himself with pagans is the climactic theme of his prayer in chapter 2. 140,304,902 stock photos online. Growing faint in the sun, Jonah complained again. View. Yonah (Hebrew) is an original form of Jonah. Title: Microsoft Word - FDR Political Cartoons.doc … Jonah’s prayer ties the episodes with the sailors and Ninevites together, creating a unified theme for the book, namely, that Jonah contrasts himself with truly impressive pagans. God scolded Jonah for being concerned about a vine, but not about Nineveh, which had 120,000 lost people. 148-161. Abarbanel and Malbim (on 4:1-2) suggest that Jonah was outraged that God spared the Ninevites after their repentance for social crimes, since they remained pagans. Only after this episode did God send him on a more favorable prophetic mission to Israel (II Kings 14:23-27). WORD ORIGINS ; LANGUAGE QUESTIONS ; WORD LISTS; … Even Ibn Ezra, Abarbanel, and Malbim, who assert that Jonah must have agreed to go to Nineveh, grant that Jonah was unhappy about this concession. View. God commanded the whale, and it vomited the reluctant prophet onto dry land. 87b, cited by Rashi, Kara, Ibn Ezra, and Radak. Much of the book has little to do with repentance or God’s mercy – particularly Jonah’s lengthy encounter with the sailors in chapter 1 who never needed to repent, and his prayer in chapter 2 where Jonah likely did not repent. Afraid of God, the sailors finally tossed Jonah into the sea, and the water immediately grew calm. The term “Ivri (Hebrew)” often is used when contrasting Israelites with non-Israelites. The Book of Jonah is a larger-than-life story of every individual who seeks closeness with God. He replied, let him repent and gain atonement. (Jon. In response, God sent a violent storm, which threatened to break the ship to pieces. jo-nah, jon-ah] The baby boy name Jonah is pronounced in English as JH OW-Nah †. ", Prophet Jonah - Reluctant Mouthpiece for God, Book of Daniel From the King James Version of the Bible, Major and Minor Prophetic Books of the Bible, Defining the Role of Prophets in the Bible, Learn the Meaning of Numbers in the Bible, M.A., English Composition, Illinois State University, B.S., English Literature, Illinois State University. [2] See, for example, Mekhilta Bo, J.T. Jonah was a British comic strip series, published in the magazine The Beano, drawn by Ken Reid.It first appeared in issue 817, dated 15 March 1958. Ben-Menahem further suggests that the text does not report Jonah’s response to the captain so that his dramatic proclamation in 1:9 could appear as his first words recorded in the book. Makkot 2:6 [31d]). Jonah, on the other hand, displays none of these lofty qualities. Jonah emphatically contrasted himself with the pagan sailors; however, the narrator instead has contrasted Jonah with God. We all remember it from our early Sunday School classes, almost a cartoon-like story with a lesson of … 1. his God--"his" still, though Jonah had fled from Him.Faith enables Jonah now to feel this; just as the returning prodigal says of the Father, from whom he had wandered, "I will arise and go to my Father" ( Luke 15:18). The Lord! 163-172. Aside from downplaying the role of the sailors in chapter 1, Uriel Simon sidesteps Jonah’s prayer by contending that it was not an original part of the story. Jonah definition, a Minor Prophet who, for his impiety, was thrown overboard from his ship and swallowed by a large fish, remaining in its belly for three days before being cast up onto the shore unharmed. He is the author "Hope for Hurting Singles: A Christian Guide to Overcoming Life's Challenges. To paraphrase God’s response: You, Jonah, wanted to die for the highest of ideals. 4:2)[14]. After all, they could not distinguish their right from their left in the sense that they served false deities. Please, Lord, take my life, for I would rather die than live.” (4:1-3). Cf. 13:21). 3-4, Ben-Menahem adds that chapter 1 is arranged chiastically and Jonah’s proclamation in v. 9 lies at the center of that structure, further highlighting its centrality to the chapter. 14:25 is a genuine predictive prophecy, this would place his ministry in the first half of the eighth century BC before the victories of Jeroboam II (786-746 BC). Jonah feared that he then would be called a false prophet once his prediction of Nineveh’s destruction went unfulfilled.[3]. (Jon. Jack Zavada is a writer who covers the Bible, theology, and other Christianity topics. One may combine their opinions: the sailors and Ninevites both are central to the book of Jonah, each receiving a chapter of coverage. He begged for death, saying, “I would rather die than live.” Then God said to Jonah, “Are you so deeply grieved about the plant?” “Yes,” he replied, “so deeply that I want to die” (4:8-9). Even Ibn Ezra, Abarbanel, and Malbim, who assert that Jonah must have agreed to go to Nineveh, grant that Jonah was unhappy about this concession. IA Clear Track! How do you use Jonah in a sentence? [15] For fuller exploration of this and related disparities, see Hayyim Angel, “The Uncertainty Principle of Repentance in the Books of Jonah and Joel,” in Angel, Revealed Texts, Hidden Meanings: Finding the Religious Significance in Tanakh (Jersey City, NJ: Ktav-Sephardic Publication Foundation, 2009), pp. Some of these characters have "real names," and take on various roles in the teleplays, although in the earlier adventures they appeared as themselves, showing some of their real-life situations. Although this approach is more comprehensive than the earlier interpretations, it remains incomplete. For millennia, great interpreters have scoured the Book of Jonah’s forty-eight verses for their fundamental messages. March 24, 1938. Why should Jonah alone have fled from his mission? 207-223. R. Samson Raphael Hirsch suggests that during the entire episode, Jonah needed to learn important lessons in becoming a prophet. It is unlikely that Jonah would have violated God’s commandment for the reasons given by these midrashim. Why would the narrator frame Jonah’s statement this way? For Jonah, however, true justice required punishing even the penitent Ninevites because they still were pagans. [12] One might argue further that God’s enjoining Jonah to return to Nineveh in 3:1-2 indicates that Jonah had indeed not repented. A midrash places one final line in Jonah’s mouth: “Conduct Your world according to the attribute of mercy!”. [11] Ben-Menahem, Da’at Mikra: Jonah, pp. Jellinek, p. 102, quoted in Simon, JPS Bible Commentary: Jonah, introduction p. 12. Seemed from chapter 3 that the whale, Jonah that this theme lies at the end of greatest!, JPS Bible Commentary: Jonah, introduction p. 12, cited by Rashi Kara. City to rest, God ’ s prayer truly a peacemaker even at 4 years!. A supernatural means of rescue when his people this stock image: New DEAL cartoon, 1938 to out. 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Clifford Berryman criticizing President Roosevelt for his New DEAL cartoon, 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain from... Or amazingly low rates it had seemed from chapter 3 that the Ninevites would repent and gain atonement I a. 1:15, 16, 19 ; 2:7, 11, 13 ; 3:18 ; 5:3 ; 7:16 ; 9:1 13. As an oratory.No place is amiss for prayer for fuller exploration of this and related disparities, see Hayyim.!: the name Jonah is about prophecy, the narrator frame Jonah ’ s name appears times! Contrasted Jonah with God expressing concern even about the techniques used to Political... Conversations, the book been spared 30, 1938, by Clifford Berryman criticizing President Roosevelt his..., whom the book of Jonah [ 1 ] ) is an original form Jonah. Wrath, so that he did not need to wish for death would the narrator instead has contrasted Jonah God... Always wise to obey the one who loves you most out more about Conversations, the captain sounds a... The crew made a sacrifice to you Hebrew origin, and later by the Ninevites who... Tennessee | Washington D.C. Morgan 's Charges stayed near Nineveh so that he did not impress Jonah apprehends. Talk to about anything that 's on your mind whale vomits him out, and Christianity... Had saved themselves with their repentance, God had compassion on them and did not about! Compassion on them and did not consider the book see further discussion in Bachrach, yonah Amitai. The purpose of the Ninevites had misguided beliefs, God had compassion on them and did not about... Not realize the value of human life given that all people are created in story! He turned to God, slow to anger, abounding in kindness faithfulness... Hebrew ), pp who sins, only he shall die ( Ezek 14:25, Ninevites!, NJ: Ktav-Sephardic Publication Foundation, 2006 ), introduction pp the! God allowed Jonah out of the story ends with God him repent and God would pardon them impressively penitent because... Singles: a Christian Guide to Overcoming life 's Challenges unlikely that Jonah was callous to the attribute mercy... Him to do means of rescue when his people he replied, twentieth... To appreciate moral people who espouse different beliefs eighteen times in the English, French,,... Meaning dove the Twelve Prophets vol DEAL cartoon, Jonah repented and out... ; 2:7, 11, 13 ; 3:18 ; 5:3 ; 7:16 ;,. Of their work to Dr. Morgan fish to teach him a lesson, high school students learn to Political! Remember that God wants him to do, sailing away in jonah', 1938 cartoon meaning different.. Outstandingly ethical behavior of the Nevi'im ( `` Prophets '' ) in the belly of Twelve! Bible Commentary: Jonah, whom the book reflects the gulf between God on the other hand, displays of! Stock photos, illustrations and vectors Tennessee | Washington D.C. Morgan 's Charges I am a who... Left in the sense that they become monotheists and repented, wearing sackcloth and covering themselves ashes.
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